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in its original form/en

  • 1 original

    1. adjective
    1) (first, earliest) ursprünglich

    the original inhabitants — die Ureinwohner

    2) (primary) original; Original-; Ur[text, -fassung]; eigenständig [Forschung]; (inventive) originell; (creative) schöpferisch
    2. noun
    Original, das
    * * *
    [ə'ri-]
    1) (existing at the beginning; first: This part of the house is new but the rest is original.) original
    2) ((able to produce ideas which are) new, fresh or not thought of before: original ideas; He has a very original mind.) originell
    3) ((of a painting etc) by the artist etc, from which copies may be made: The original painting is in the museum, but there are hundreds of copies.) Original...
    * * *
    origi·nal
    [əˈrɪʤɪnəl]
    I. n
    1. (first version) Original nt
    to read sth in the \original etw im Original lesen
    2. (unusual person) Original nt
    II. adj inv
    1. (first) ursprünglich
    to read sth in the \original French etw im französischen Original lesen
    \original solution CHEM Urlösung f
    the \original version die Originalversion; of a book die Originalausgabe [o Erstausgabe
    2. (unique) originell, außergewöhnlich; (innovative) bahnbrechend, innovativ; (creative) kreativ
    \original artwork originelles [o ungewöhnliches] Bildmaterial
    an \original thinker (creative) ein kreativer Denker/eine kreative Denkerin; (innovative) ein Vordenker/eine Vordenkerin
    an \original thought ein origineller Gedanke
    3. (from creator) original
    is this an \original Rembrandt? ist das ein echter Rembrandt?
    \original manuscript Originalmanuskript nt
    \original painting Original nt
    \original print Originaldruck m
    the \original score die original Filmmusik
    * * *
    [ə'rIdZɪnl]
    1. adj
    1) (= first, earliest) ursprünglich

    in its original form — in seiner ursprünglichen Form

    original version (of book, play) — Urfassung f; (of film, song) Originalversion or -fassung f

    2) (= not imitative) painting original; idea, writer, play originell
    3) (= unconventional, eccentric) character, person originell
    2. n
    1) Original nt; (of model) Vorlage f
    2) (= eccentric person) Original nt
    * * *
    original [əˈrıdʒənl]
    A adj (adv → academic.ru/52163/originally">originally)
    1. original, Original…, Ur…, ursprünglich, echt:
    original gum (Philatelie) Originalgummi m/n;
    original packaging Originalverpackung f;
    a television in its original packaging ein original verpackter Fernseher;
    the original picture das Originalbild;
    original program(me) (Eiskunstlauf) Originalprogramm n;
    the original text der Ur- oder Originaltext; → wort2
    2. erst(er, e, es), ursprünglich, Ur…:
    original capital WIRTSCH US Gründungskapital n;
    original copy Erstausfertigung f;
    the original inventor der ursprüngliche Erfinder;
    original jurisdiction JUR erstinstanzliche Zuständigkeit;
    have original jurisdiction in erster Instanz zuständig sein;
    original share WIRTSCH bes Br Stammaktie f;
    original value Anschaffungs-, Neuwert m; → gravity A 4, sin1 A 1
    3. originell, neu (Idee etc)
    4. selbstständig, unabhängig (Denker, Forschung etc)
    5. schöpferisch, ursprünglich:
    original genius Schöpfergeist m
    6. ureigen, urwüchsig, Ur…:
    original behavio(u)r urwüchsiges Benehmen;
    original nature Urnatur f
    B s
    1. Original n:
    a) Urbild n, Urstück n
    b) Urfassung f, Urtext m:
    in the original im Original, im Urtext, auch in der Ursprache, JUR urschriftlich
    2. Original n umg (exzentrischer Mensch)
    3. BOT, ZOOL Stammform f
    orig. abk
    2. original (originally)
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (first, earliest) ursprünglich
    2) (primary) original; Original-; Ur[text, -fassung]; eigenständig [Forschung]; (inventive) originell; (creative) schöpferisch
    2. noun
    Original, das
    * * *
    adj.
    original adj.
    unbearbeitet adj.
    ursprünglich adj. n.
    Original -e n.

    English-german dictionary > original

  • 2 original

    adj.
    1 original (nuevo, primero).
    2 eccentric, different (raro).
    m.
    original.
    * * *
    1 (gen) original
    1 original
    \
    en el original in the original
    ser original de (procedente de, nacido en) from
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=inicial) [idea, documento, idioma] original; [edición] first
    pecado 1)
    2) (=novedoso) original
    3) (=raro) unusual, original; (=extravagante) eccentric

    él siempre tiene que ser tan original — iró he always has to be so different

    4) (=creativo) original
    5) (=procedente)

    ser original de — [planta, animal] to be native to

    2. SM
    1) (=modelo) original
    2) (Tip) (tb: original de imprenta) manuscript, original, copy
    * * *
    I
    1) (primero, no copiado) original
    2) <artista/enfoque> original

    tú siempre tan original! — (iró) you always have to be different!

    II
    masculino original

    un original de Dalí — a Dalí original, an original Dalí

    * * *
    = creative, manuscript, master, master copy, original, original document, master, raw, pristine, founding, unedited.
    Ex. His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.
    Ex. A manuscript is a writing made by hand (including musical scores), typescripts, and inscriptions on clay tablets, stone, etc.
    Ex. The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.
    Ex. Normally, before a manuscript is printed or duplicated in multiple copies the editor will be provided with printer's proofs or a master copy.
    Ex. Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex. An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex. The supply would need to be replenished when the multiple copies had been used, so a master would be kept - usually for offset litho reproduction or for cutting a stencil on an electronic scanner.
    Ex. Vegetable fibres in their raw state contain the necessary strands of cellulose which can be converted into paper.
    Ex. Although national parks are perceived as pristine areas, many are dumping grounds for hazardous materials - everything from industrial toxins to unexploded munitions.
    Ex. The founding missions have being found increasingly ill-suited for the demands of the marketplace.
    Ex. This bank of data represented a valuable source of unedited views about users' perceptions, thoughts and attitudes about libraries and electronic resources.
    ----
    * base de datos en estado original = raw database.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * error del original = sic.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * original listo para reproducir = camera-ready copy.
    * pecado original, el = original sin, the.
    * poco original = unoriginal.
    * título original = original title.
    * * *
    I
    1) (primero, no copiado) original
    2) <artista/enfoque> original

    tú siempre tan original! — (iró) you always have to be different!

    II
    masculino original

    un original de Dalí — a Dalí original, an original Dalí

    * * *
    = creative, manuscript, master, master copy, original, original document, master, raw, pristine, founding, unedited.

    Ex: His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.

    Ex: A manuscript is a writing made by hand (including musical scores), typescripts, and inscriptions on clay tablets, stone, etc.
    Ex: The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.
    Ex: Normally, before a manuscript is printed or duplicated in multiple copies the editor will be provided with printer's proofs or a master copy.
    Ex: Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex: An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex: The supply would need to be replenished when the multiple copies had been used, so a master would be kept - usually for offset litho reproduction or for cutting a stencil on an electronic scanner.
    Ex: Vegetable fibres in their raw state contain the necessary strands of cellulose which can be converted into paper.
    Ex: Although national parks are perceived as pristine areas, many are dumping grounds for hazardous materials - everything from industrial toxins to unexploded munitions.
    Ex: The founding missions have being found increasingly ill-suited for the demands of the marketplace.
    Ex: This bank of data represented a valuable source of unedited views about users' perceptions, thoughts and attitudes about libraries and electronic resources.
    * base de datos en estado original = raw database.
    * edición original = original edition.
    * error del original = sic.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * original de una obra de arte = art original.
    * original listo para reproducir = camera-ready copy.
    * pecado original, el = original sin, the.
    * poco original = unoriginal.
    * título original = original title.

    * * *
    A
    1 (primero, inicial) ‹texto› original
    en su forma original in its original form
    2 (no copiado) original
    es un Hockney original it's an original Hockney
    B (novedoso) ‹artista/novela/enfoque› original
    ¡tú siempre tan original! ( iró); you always have to be different!
    C
    (de un país, una región): el maíz es original de América corn originated in o originally came from America, corn is native to America
    original
    un original de Dalí a Dalí original, an original Dalí
    mándale el original y archiva la copia send her the original and file the copy
    lo leyó en el original she read it in the original French ( o Spanish etc)
    Compuesto:
    original, manuscript
    * * *

     

    original adjetivo / noun masculine
    original
    original
    I adjetivo original
    II mf original: tengo que entregar el original a la imprenta, I have to give the original to the printer's
    ' original' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    m.s.
    - novedosa
    - novedoso
    - originaria
    - originario
    - pecado
    - primitiva
    - primitivo
    - promotor
    - promotora
    - retornar
    - subtítulo
    - versión
    - vista
    - visto
    - VO
    - subtitular
    English:
    arrange
    - beat down
    - close
    - creative
    - derivative
    - first
    - individual
    - master
    - novel
    - original
    - originally
    - sell back
    - unconventional
    - unusual
    - different
    - line
    - secondary
    - stick
    - unoriginal
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [nuevo, primero] original;
    el texto original the original text;
    en versión original in the original version
    2. [no imitación] original;
    este es original y esta la copia this is original and this is the copy;
    un Velázquez original an original Velázquez
    3. [inusual] original;
    esa corbata es muy original that's a very original o unusual tie
    4. [raro] different, eccentric;
    tú siempre tan original you always have to be different
    5. [procedente]
    ser original de [persona] to be a native of;
    [animal, planta] to be native to
    ♦ nm
    1. [primera versión] original;
    hay que entregar tres copias y el original you have to give them the original and three copies;
    leer algo en el original to read sth in the original
    2. [manuscrito] manuscript
    * * *
    m/adj original
    * * *
    original adj & nm
    : original
    * * *
    original adj n original

    Spanish-English dictionary > original

  • 3 originario

    adj.
    originating, source.
    * * *
    1 original
    \
    ser originario,-a de (persona) to come from 2 (costumbre) to originate in
    * * *
    (f. - originaria)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=inicial) original

    país originario — country of origin, native country

    2)

    originario de — [animal, planta] native to; [persona] from

    el lichi es originario de China — lychees originated in China, the lychee is native to China

    * * *
    - ria adjetivo
    a) ( de un lugar) native

    ser originario de algo — persona to be a native of something, come from something; especie to be native to something; come from something

    b) (primero, original) original
    * * *
    Ex. The founding missions have being found increasingly ill-suited for the demands of the marketplace.
    ----
    * originario de = native to.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo
    a) ( de un lugar) native

    ser originario de algo — persona to be a native of something, come from something; especie to be native to something; come from something

    b) (primero, original) original
    * * *

    Ex: The founding missions have being found increasingly ill-suited for the demands of the marketplace.

    * originario de = native to.

    * * *
    1 (de un lugar) native
    esta especie es originaria del Brasil this species is native to Brazil, this species originates in o originally comes from Brazil
    es originario de Valladolid he comes from Valladolid, he's from Valladolid, he's a native of Valladolid
    2 (primero, original) original
    * * *

    originario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo ( de un lugar) native;

    ser originario de algo [ persona] to come from sth;

    [ especie] to be native to sth
    originario,-a adjetivo
    1 (procedente, oriundo) native: la patata es originaria de América, potatoes originated in America
    2 (primero de varios elementos sucesivos) original: ésta era la mansión originaria del marqués, this was the marquis' first mansion
    ' originario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    originaria
    - primitiva
    - primitivo
    - natal
    - oriundo
    English:
    native
    * * *
    originario, -a adj
    1. [inicial, primitivo] original
    2. [procedente]
    ser originario de [costumbre] to have its origins in, to originate in;
    [producto] to originally come from; [persona] to be a native of; [animal, planta] to be native to
    * * *
    adj
    1 ( primero) original
    2 ( nativo) native (de of)
    * * *
    originario, - ria adj
    originario de : native of
    * * *
    originario adj original

    Spanish-English dictionary > originario

  • 4 возвращаться к

    •

    We revert (or return) to our previous analogy.

    •

    β-sulphur turns back to its α-form if sublimed at abt. 320 K.

    •

    Then the material reverts to the metallic state.

    •

    The plant is now back to normal operation.

    •

    The crystal regains its original dimensions.

    •

    Each of these molecules is restored to its original form.

    •

    We revert to the ideal-gas expression.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > возвращаться к

  • 5 возвращаться к

    •

    We revert (or return) to our previous analogy.

    •

    β-sulphur turns back to its α-form if sublimed at abt. 320 K.

    •

    Then the material reverts to the metallic state.

    •

    The plant is now back to normal operation.

    •

    The crystal regains its original dimensions.

    •

    Each of these molecules is restored to its original form.

    •

    We revert to the ideal-gas expression.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > возвращаться к

  • 6 corruption

    [-ʃən]
    1) (the act of corrupting.) korruption; svindel
    2) (a word that has changed considerably from its original form: Caterpillar is probably a corruption of the Old French word `chatepelose' meaning `hairy cat'.) forvanskning
    * * *
    [-ʃən]
    1) (the act of corrupting.) korruption; svindel
    2) (a word that has changed considerably from its original form: Caterpillar is probably a corruption of the Old French word `chatepelose' meaning `hairy cat'.) forvanskning

    English-Danish dictionary > corruption

  • 7 reconstitute

    [ri:'konstitju:t]
    (to put or change (something) back to its original form eg by adding liquid: to reconstitute dried milk.) genskabe; rekonstituere
    * * *
    [ri:'konstitju:t]
    (to put or change (something) back to its original form eg by adding liquid: to reconstitute dried milk.) genskabe; rekonstituere

    English-Danish dictionary > reconstitute

  • 8 φαιλόνης

    φαιλόνης, ου, ὁ is to be spelled so (B-D-F §25) as against the great uncials and critical editions, which have φελόνης (PFay 347 [II A.D.]). This appears to be a Lat. loanw. (paenula; see Hahn p. 10, 8; EFraenkel, ZVS 42, 1909, 115, 1; ESchwyzer, MusHelv 3, ’46, 50–52; but s. B. below), also in rabb. in var. spellings. Its original form was φαινόλας (Rhinthon [III B.C.], Com. Graec. Fgm. 7 Kaibel [in Pollux 7, 61]) or φαινόλης (Epict. 4, 8, 34; Artem. 2, 3; 5, 29; Athen. 3, 97e; POxy 736, 4; 1737, 9; 15; PGiss 10, 21; PHamb 10, 19 [II B.C.]; Gignac I 100), also φαινόλιον (POxy 531, 14 [II A.D.]; 936, 18; 19). From these by metathesis (s. CLobeck, Pathologiae Sermonis Graeci Elementa I 1853, 514; W-S. §5, 18; B-D-F §32, 2; Mlt-H. 81; 106; 155) came φαιλόνης (which is still quotable at least in its dim. form φαιλόνιον [-ώνιον]: POxy 933, 30; PGiss 12, 4 [II A.D.]; BGU 816, 24 [III A.D.]; cp. Mod. Gk. φελόνι) cloak (POxy 531, 14 τὰ ἱμάτια τὰ λευκὰ τὰ δυνάμενα μετὰ τῶν πορφυρῶν φορεῖσθαι φαινολίων. Likew. Epict.; Athen., loc. cit. In view of these pass. the translation ‘valise’ is excluded; s. Field, Notes 217f, cited in M-M; also excluded is the interpretation in the direction of διφθέρα, the leather cover for papyrus rolls) 2 Ti 4:13 (on the subject-matter s. POxy 1489 [III A.D.] τὸ κιθώνιν [=χιτώνιον] ἐπιλέλησμαι παρὰ Τεκοῦσαν εἰς τὸν πυλῶνα. πέμψον μοι).—See B. 417, where φαινόλα is treated as the original fr. which Lat. paenula is borrowed, and not vice versa; s. also Mlt-H. 106.—Frisk. DELG s.v. φαίνω A. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > φαιλόνης

  • 9 primitif

    primitif, -ive [pʀimitif, iv]
    adjective
    primitive ; ( = originel) original
    * * *

    1.
    - ive pʀimitif, iv adjectif
    1) ( d'origine) [budget, différence] initial; [projet, état] original
    2) [société, art] primitive
    3) (peu évolué, rudimentaire) primitive
    4) ( simpliste) [personne] primitive; [raisonnement] crude
    5) Mathématique [fonction] primitive
    6) Linguistique [temps] basic

    2.
    nom masculin, féminin
    1) (dated) [personne] primitive
    2) ( personne fruste) uncouth person

    3.
    nom masculin Art
    * * *
    pʀimitif, iv (-ive)
    1. adj
    1) (art, homme) primitive
    2) (= originel) primitive
    2. nm/f
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( d'origine) [budget, différence] initial; [projet, état] original;
    2 Anthrop [société, art] primitive; tout ce qui est primitif et sauvage all that is primitive and savage;
    3 ( peu évolué) [plante, animal, langue] primitive;
    4 ( rudimentaire) [outil, moyen, méthode] primitive;
    5 ( simpliste) [personne] primitive; [raisonnement] crude;
    6 Math [fonction] primitive;
    7 Phys [couleur] primary;
    8 Ling [temps] basic.
    B nm,f
    1 † Anthrop [personne] primitive;
    2 ( personne fruste) uncouth person.
    C nm Art les primitifs italiens/flamands Italian/Flemish Primitives.
    D primitive nf Math primitive.
    ( féminin primitive) [primitif, iv] adjectif
    1. [initial] primitive, original
    l'Église primitive the early ou primitive Church
    2. [non industrialisé - société] primitive
    3. [fruste - personne] primitive, unsophisticated
    ————————
    , primitive [primitif, iv] nom masculin, nom féminin
    ————————
    primitive nom féminin
    INFORMATIQUE & MATHÉMATIQUES primitive

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > primitif

  • 10 asl

    (Arabic) root, basis, origin, essence; original state; original (document); essential, real, true. asli actually. asliga qayt to return to its original form. aslini olganda/asliga to’g’ri certified original copy. asliday/aslicha as in the original; as originally. uning asli grek He is of Greek origin. cholning asli namanganlik the old man is originally from Namangan. asl ma’no true meaning

    Uzbek-English dictionary > asl

  • 11 corruption

    noun
    1) (moral deterioration) Verdorbenheit, die (geh.)
    2) (use of corrupt practices) Korruption, die
    3) (perversion) Korrumpierung, die
    * * *
    [-ʃən]
    1) (the act of corrupting.) die Bestechlichkeit
    2) (a word that has changed considerably from its original form: Caterpillar is probably a corruption of the Old French word `chatepelose' meaning `hairy cat'.) die Verfälschung
    * * *
    cor·rup·tion
    [kəˈrʌpʃən]
    n
    1. no pl (action) of moral standards Korruption f; of a text Entstellung f; of computer file Zerstörung f
    2. no pl (dishonesty) Unehrenhaftigkeit f; (bribery) Korruption f, Bestechung f
    3. LING (changed form) korrumpierte Form
    4. (decay) Zersetzung f, Fäulnis f
    * * *
    [kə'rʌpSən]
    n
    1) (= act of person) Korruption f; (by bribery also) Bestechung f; (COMPUT, of data) Zerstörung f
    2) (= corrupt nature) Verdorbenheit f, Verderbtheit f; (by bribery) Bestechlichkeit f; (of morals) Verfall m; (of language, text) Korrumpierung f
    3) (form: decay of bodies etc) Zersetzung f, Fäulnis f
    * * *
    corruption [kəˈrʌpʃn] s
    1. Verführung f
    2. Verderbtheit f, Verdorbenheit f, Verworfenheit f:
    corruption of the blood JUR, HIST Entrechtung f (als Folge eines attainder)
    3. Unredlichkeit f, Unlauterkeit f
    4. verderblicher Einfluss
    5. Korruption f:
    a) Korruptheit f, Bestechlichkeit f, Käuflichkeit f
    b) korrupte Methoden pl, Bestechung(spolitik) f:
    corruption of witnesses Zeugenbestechung f;
    corruption scandal Bestechungsskandal m
    6. Verfälschung f, Korrumpierung f (eines Texts)
    7. Fäulnis f (von Lebensmitteln)
    * * *
    noun
    1) (moral deterioration) Verdorbenheit, die (geh.)
    2) (use of corrupt practices) Korruption, die
    3) (perversion) Korrumpierung, die
    * * *
    n.
    Bestechung f.
    Korruption f.
    Ämterkauf m.

    English-german dictionary > corruption

  • 12 вновь приобретать

    •

    The water returns to (or regains, or again takes on) its normal colour. Then the gel resumes its original form.

    * * *
    Вновь приобретать -- to return to, to regain, to take on again
     After some cooling, the strip returned to its earlier shape.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > вновь приобретать

  • 13 पदम् _padam

    पदम् [पद्-अच्]
    1 A foot (said to be m. also in this sense); पदेन on foot; शिखरिषु पदं न्यस्य Me.13; अपथे पदमर्पयन्ति हि R.9.74 'set foot on (follow) a wrong road'; 3.5;12.52; पदं हि सर्वत्र गुणैर्निधीयते 3.62 'good qualities set foot everywhere' i. e. command notice or make themselves felt; जनपदे न गदः पदमादधौ 9.4. 'no disease stepped into the country'; यदवधि न पदं दधाति चित्ते Bv.2.14; पदं कृ (a) to set foot in, on or over (lit.); शान्ते करिष्यसि पदं पुनराश्रमे$स्मिन् Ś.4.2. (b) to enter upon or into, take possession of, occupy (fig.); कृतं वपुषि नवयौवनेन पदम् K.137; कृतं हि मे कुतूहलेन प्रश्नाशया हृदि पदम् 133; so Ku.5.21; Pt.1.24; कृत्वा पदं नो गले Mu.3.26 'in defiance of us'; (lit. planting his foot on our neck); मूर्ध्नि पदं कृ 'to mount on the head of', 'to humble'; पदं मूर्ध्नि समाधत्ते केसरी मत्तदन्तिनः Pt.1.327; आकृतिविशेषेष्वादरः पदं करोति M.1 'good forms attract attention (command respect); जने सखी पदं कारिता Ś.4; 'made to have dealings with (to confide in)'; धर्मेण शर्वे पार्वतीं प्रति पदं कारिते Ku.6.14.
    -2 A step, pace, stride; तन्वी स्थिता कतिचिदेव पदानि गत्वा Ś.2.13; पदे पदे 'at every step'; अक्षमालामदत्त्वा पदात् पदमपि न गन्तव्यम् or चलितव्यम् 'do not move even a step' &c.; पितुः पदं मध्यममुत्पतन्ती V.1.19 'the middle pace or stride of Viṣṇu.'; i. e. the sky (for mythologically speaking, the earth, sky, and lower world are considered as the three paces of Viṣṇu in his fifth or dwarf incarnation वामनावतार); so अथात्मनः शब्दगुणं गुणज्ञः पदं विमानेन विगाहमानः R.13.1.
    -3 A foot-step, foot- print, foot-mark; पदपङ्क्तिः Ś.3.7; or पदावली foot-prints; पदमनुविधेयं च महताम् Bh.2.28 'the foot-steps of the great must be followed'; पदैगृर्ह्यते चौरः Y.2.286.
    -4 A trace, mark, impression, vestige; रतिवलयपदाङ्के चापमासज्य कण्ठे Ku.2.64; Me.37,98; M.3.
    -5 A place, position, station; अधो$धः पदम् Bh.2.1; आत्मा परिश्रमस्य पदमुपनीतः Ś.1, 'brought to the point of or exposed to trouble'; तदलब्धपदं हृदि शोकघने R.8.91, 'found no place in (left no impression on) the heart'; अपदे शङ्कितो$स्मि M.1, 'my doubts were out of place', i. e. groundless; कृशकुटुम्बेषु लोभः पदमधत्त Dk.162; Ku.6.72;3.4; R.2.5;9.82; कृतपदं स्तनयुगलम् U.6.35, 'brought into relief or bursting forth'.
    -6 Dignity, rank, office, station or position; भगवत्या प्रश्निकपदमध्यासितव्यम् M.1; यान्त्येवं गृहिणीपदं युवतयः Ś.4.18, 'attain to the rank or position, &c.; स्थिता गृहिणीपदे 4.19; so सचिव˚, राज˚ &c.
    -7 Cause, subject, occasion, thing, matter, business, affair; व्यवहारपदं हि तत् Y.2.5; 'occasion or matter of dispute, title of law, judicial proceeding'; Ms.8.7; सतां हि सन्देहपदेषु वस्तुषु Ś.1.22; वाञ्छितफलप्राप्तेः पदम् Ratn.1.6.
    -8 Abode, object, receptacle; पदं दृशः स्याः कथमीश मादृशाम् Śi.1.37; 15.22; अगरीयान्न पदं नृपश्रियः Ki.2.14; अविवेकः परमापदां पदम् 2.3; के वा न स्युः परिभवपदं निष्फलारम्भयत्नाः Me.56; संपदः पदमापदाम् H.4.65.
    -9 A quarter or line of a stanza, verse; विरचितपदम् (गेयम्) Me.88,15; M.5.2; Ś.3.14.
    -1 A complete or inflected word; सुप्तिडन्तं पदम् P.I. 4.14. वर्णाः पदं प्रयोगार्हानन्वितैकार्थबोधकाः S. D.9; R.8.77; Ku.4.9.
    -11 A name for the base of nouns before all consonantal case-terminations except nom. singular.
    -12 Detachment of the Vedic words from one another, separation of a Vedic text into its several constituent words; वेदैः साङ्गपदक्रमोपनिषदैर्गायन्ति यं सामगाः Bhāg.12.13.1.
    -13 A pretext; अनिभृतपदपातमापपात प्रियमिति कोपपदेन कापि सख्या Śi.7.14.
    -14 A sqare root.
    -15 A part, por- tion or division (as of a sentence); as त्रिपदा गायत्री.
    -16 A measure of length.
    -17 Protection, preservation; ते विंशतिपदे यत्ताः संप्रहारं प्रचक्रिरे Mb.7.36.13.
    -18 A square or house on a chessboard; अष्टापदपदालेख्यैः Rām.
    -19 A quadrant.
    -2 The last of a series.
    -21 A plot of ground.
    -22 (In Arith.) Any one in a set of numbers the sum of which is required.
    -23 A coin; माता पुत्रः पिता भ्राता भार्या मित्रजनस्तथा । अष्टापदपदस्थाने दक्षमुद्रेव लक्ष्यते ॥ Mb.12.298.4. (com. अष्टापदपदं सुवर्णकार्षापणः).
    -24 A way, road; षट्पदं नवसंख्यानं निवेशं चक्रिरे द्विजाः Mb.14.64.1.
    -25 Retribution (फल); ईहोपरमयोर्नॄणां पदान्यध्यात्मचक्षुषा Bhāg.7.13.2.
    -दः A ray of light.
    -Comp. -अङ्कः, चिह्नम् a foot-print.
    -अङ्गुष्ठः the great toe, thumb (of the foot).
    -अध्ययनम् study of the Vedas according to the पदपाठ q. v.
    -अनुग a.
    1 following closely, being at the heels of (gen.).
    -2 suitable, agreeable to. (
    -गः) a follower, companion; एतान्निहत्य समरे ये चृ तस्य पदानुगाः । तांश्च सर्वान् विनिर्जित्य सहितान् सनराधिपान् ॥ Mb.3.12.6.
    -अनुरागः 1 a servant.
    -2 an army.
    -अनुशासनम् the science of words, grammar.
    -अनुषङ्गः anything added to a pada.
    -अन्तः 1 the end of a line of a stanza.
    -2 the end of a word.
    -अन्तरम् another step, the interval of one step; पदान्तरे स्थित्वा Ś.1; अ˚ closely, without a pause.
    -अन्त्य a. final.
    -अब्जम्, -अम्भोजम्, -अरविन्दम्, -कमलम्, -पङ्कजम्, -पद्मम् a lotus-like foot.
    -अभिलाषिन् a. wishing for an office.
    -अर्थः 1 the meaning of a word.
    -2 a thing or object.
    -3 a head or topic (of which the Naiyāyikas enumerate 16 subheads).
    -4 anything which can be named (अभिधेय), a category or predicament; the number of such categories, according to the Vaiśeṣikas, is seven; according to the Sāṅkhyas, twentyfive (or twenty-seven according to the followers of Patañjali), and two according to the Vedāntins.
    -5 the sense of another word which is not expressed but has to be supplied. ˚अनुसमयः preforming one detail with reference to all things or persons concerned; then doing the second, then the third and so on (see अनुसमय). Hence पदार्थानुसमयन्याय means: A rule of interpretation according to which, when several details are to be performed with reference to several things or persons, they should be done each to each at a time.
    -आघातः 'a stroke with the foot', a kick.
    -आजिः a foot-soldier.
    -आदिः 1 the beginning of the line of a stanza.
    -2 the beginning or first letter of a word. ˚विद् m. a bad student (knowing only the beginnings of stanzas).
    -आयता a shoe.
    -आवली a series of words, a continued arrangement of words or lines; (काव्यस्य) शरीरं तावदिष्टार्थव्यवच्छिन्नापदावली Kāv. 1.1; मधुरकोमलकान्तपदावलीं शृणु तदा जयदेवसरस्वतीम् Gīt.1.
    -आसनम् a foot-stool.
    - आहत a. kicked.
    -कमलम् lotus-like foot.
    -कारः, -कृत् m. the author of the Padapāṭha.
    -क्रमः 1 walking, a pace; न चित्रमुच्चैः श्रवसः पदक्रमम् (प्रशशंस) Śi.1.52.
    -2 a particular method of reciting the Veda; cf. क्रम.
    -गः a foot-soldier.
    -गतिः f. gait, manner of going.
    -गोत्रम् a family supposed to preside over a particular class of words.
    -छेदः, -विच्छेदः, -विग्रहः separation of words, resolu- tion of a sentence into its constituent parts.
    -च्युत a. dismissed from office, deposed.
    -जातम् class or group of words.
    -दार्ढ्यम् fixedness or security of text.
    -न्यासः 1 stepping, tread, step.
    -2 a foot-mark.
    -3 position of the feet in a particular attitude.
    -4 the plant गोक्षुर.
    -5 writing down verses or quarters of verses; अप्रगल्भाः पदन्यासे जननीरागहेतवः । सन्त्येके बहुलालापाः कवयो बालका इव ॥ Trivikramabhaṭṭa.
    -पङ्क्तिः f.
    1 a line of foot-steps; द्वारे$स्य पाण्डुसिकते पदपङ्क्तिर्दृश्यते$भिनवा Ś.3.7; V.4.6.
    -2 a line or arrangement of words, a series of words; कृतपदपङ्क्तिरथर्वणेव वेदः Ki.1.1.
    -3 an iṣtakā or sacred brick.
    -4 a kind of metre.
    -पाठः an arrangement of the Vedic text in which each word is written and pronounced in its original form and independently of phonetic changes (opp. संहितापाठ).
    -पातः, विक्षेपः a step, pace (of a horse also).
    -बन्धः a foot-step, step.
    -भञ्जनम् analysis of words, etymology.
    -भञ्जिका 1 a commentary which separates the words and analyses the compounds of a passage.
    -2 a register, journal.
    -3 a calendar.
    -भ्रंशः dismissal from office.
    -माला a magical formula.
    -योपनम् a fetter for the feet (Ved.).
    -रचना 1 arrangement of words.
    -2 literary composition.
    -वायः Ved. a leader.
    -विष्टम्भः a step, footstep.
    -वृत्तिः f. the hiatus between two words.
    -वेदिन् a linguist, philologist.
    -व्याख्यानम् interpreta- tion of words.
    -शास्त्रम् the science of separately written words.
    -संघातः (टः) 1 connecting the words which are separated in the संहिता.
    -2 a writer, an annotator.
    -संधिः m. the euphonic combination of words.
    -स्थ a.
    1 going on foot.
    -2 being in a position of authority or high rank.
    -स्थानम् a foot-print.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > पदम् _padam

  • 14 вновь приобретать

    •

    The water returns to (or regains, or again takes on) its normal colour. Then the gel resumes its original form.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > вновь приобретать

  • 15 corruption

    1) (the act of corrupting.) fordervelse, bestikkelse, korrupsjon
    2) (a word that has changed considerably from its original form: Caterpillar is probably a corruption of the Old French word `chatepelose' meaning `hairy cat'.) forvansking
    subst. \/kəˈrʌpʃ(ə)n\/
    1) korrupsjon, bestikkelse(r)
    2) det å bestikke, det å ta imot bestikkelser
    3) moralsk fordervelse, moralsk korrumpering
    4) (språkvitenskap, om tekst) forvrengning, forvanskning, forvansket form
    5) ( om språk e.l.) forringelse
    6) ( bibelsk) forgjengelighet
    7) ( EDB) magnetlus
    8) ( gammeldags) forråtnelse, bedervelse

    English-Norwegian dictionary > corruption

  • 16 PLAGA

    * * *
    (að), v.
    2) to treat, entertain (vel plagaðir í mat ok drykk);
    3) to be used, wont.
    * * *
    að; this word, although found in old writers, is now almost out of use; it was no doubt borrowed from the German or English, perhaps through the Hanseatic trade, for it appears about the end of the 13th century; in Stj., Laur. S. (14th century):—the Flóam. S. l. c. is the sole instance of its occurrence in the classical Íslendinga Sögur (see List of Authors D.I. II), but that Saga is not preserved quite in its original form: [A. S. plægan; Engl. play; Germ. pflegen; Dan. pleje]:—to cultivate; prisa ok plaga sannleik, Stj. 298; plagar hann ok elskar náttina, 86; hann plagaði í honum allskonar ávöxt, Barl. 23 (v. l. to plantaði); allar þær listir er þá plöguðu dýrar konur, Fas. iii. 238.
    2. to treat, entertain; presta sína lét hann sitja yfir sitt borð, ok plagaði þá alla vel með góðan kost ok öl, Bs. i. 903; sátu þeir sunnu-daginn vel plagaðir í mat ok drykk, 860, Fas. iii. 373; plagar sik nú alla vega við skraut ok skart, Stj. 417.
    3. to be used, wont; eigi hafa menn þat plagat mjök hér til at gabba mik, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 159; þeir verða með Guðligum boðorðum þar til samdir ok plagaðir, Stj. 255.
    4. reflex., kvennbúnað sem þar plagaðisk, which was there fashionable, Stj. 186.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > PLAGA

  • 17 reconstitute

    [ri:'konstitju:t]
    (to put or change (something) back to its original form eg by adding liquid: to reconstitute dried milk.) wiederherstellen
    - academic.ru/90794/reconstitution">reconstitution
    * * *
    re·con·sti·tute
    [ˌri:ˈkɒnstɪtju:t, AM -ˈkɑ:nstətu:t, -tju:t]
    vt
    ▪ to \reconstitute sth
    1. FOOD milk, orange juice etw aus Konzentrat zubereiten
    2. (reorganize) etw wiederherstellen
    the Health Council has been \reconstituted as the Health Authority der Gesundheitsrat wurde als Gesundheitsbehörde neu eingerichtet
    3. COMPUT etw rekonstituieren [o wiederherstellen]
    * * *
    ["riː'kɒnstɪtjuːt]
    vt
    1) assembly, committee neu einrichten, rekonstituieren (form); (= reconstruct) wiederherstellen
    2) food aus einem Konzentrat zubereiten; solution in Wasser auflösen
    * * *
    reconstitute [ˌriːˈkɒnstıtjuːt; US -ˈkɑnstəˌtjuːt; a. -ˌtuːt] v/t
    1. wieder einsetzen
    2. wiederherstellen, rekonstruieren
    3. Trockensubstanzen in Wasser auflösen:
    reconstituted milk (in Wasser) gelöste Trockenmilch
    4. neu bilden, umorganisieren
    * * *
    v.
    wiederherstellen v.

    English-german dictionary > reconstitute

  • 18 spondeo

    spondĕo, spŏpondi, sponsum, 2 ( perf. spepondi, Cic., Caes., and Val. Antias ap. Gell. 7, 9, 12 sq.; Inscr. Orell. 4358;

    without redup. sponderat,

    Tert. Carm. adv. Mart. 3, 135; subj. sponsis = spoponderis, an ancient formula of prayer in Fest. p. 351 Müll.), v. a. [akin with spendô, to pour out, = libare; cf. spondai, league].
    I.
    Jurid. and publicists' t. t.
    A.
    In bargains, covenants, treaties, etc., to promise solemnly, to bind, engage, or pledge one's self (class.; syn.: recipio, stipulor, promitto; cf.: vadimonium obire, vadari); according to the civil law in its original form, it was essential to a binding contract verbally made (verbis) that a proposition and its acceptance should be expressed by the question spondes? and the answer spondeo; and only at a later period was the use of promitto, etc., valid (v. Sandars, Introd. ad Just. Inst. p. LV): verbis obligatio fit ex interrogatione et responsione, velut, Dari spondes? Spondeo. Dabis? Dabo. Promittis? Promitto;

    sed haec quidem verborum obligatio: dari spondes? spondeo, propria civium Romanorum est, cetera vero juris gentium sunt,

    Gai. Inst. 3, 91 sq.; Dig. 45, 1, 126; 45, 1, 133; cf.

    the whole title,

    ib. 45, 1: De verborum obligationibus: He. Aeternum tibi dapinabo victum, si vera autumas... Er. Sponden' tu istut? He. Spondeo, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 118: qui stulte spondet, Cato ap. Rufin. 18, p. 210:

    quis stipulatus est? Ubi? Quo die? Quis spopondisse me dicit? Nemo,

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 13:

    ut aliquando spondere se diceret,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142:

    si quis quod spopondit, quā in re verbo se obligavit uno, si id non facit, etc.,

    id. Caecin. 3, 7:

    faeneris, quod stipulanti spoponderam tibi, reliquam pensiunculam percipe,

    Col. 10 praef.:

    ego meā fide spondeo futurum ut omnia invenias, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 1, 14, 10.—
    B.
    To promise for another, to become security for a person, to enter bail, etc.:

    quod multis benigne fecerit, pro multis spoponderit,

    has become security, Cic. Planc. 19, 47:

    sed tamen scire velim quando dicar spopondisse et pro patre anne pro filio,

    id. Att. 12, 14, 2:

    quod pro Cornificio me abhinc annis XXV. spopondisse dicit Flavius,

    id. ib. 12, 17:

    et se quisque paratum ad spondendum Icilio ostendere,

    Liv. 3, 46, 7:

    sponsum diceres advocasse, Cic. Fragm. Clod. et Cur. 3, 4, p. 29 B. and K.: hic sponsum vocat,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 67:

    sponsum descendam, quia promisi,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 2. —
    2.
    Transf., of promises or pledges made in behalf of a government, etc.:

    non foedere pax Caudina, sed per sponsionem facta est... Spoponderunt consules, legati, quaestores, tribuni militum,

    Liv. 9, 5, 4:

    quod spondendo pacem servassent exercitum,

    id. 9, 8, 15:

    quid tandem si spopondissemus urbem hanc relicturum populum Romanum?

    id. 9, 9, 6:

    ea demum sponsio esset, quam populi jussu spopondissemus,

    id. 9, 9, 13:

    hosti nihil spopondistis, civem neminem spondere pro vobis jussistis,

    id. 9, 9, 16.—
    C.
    Esp., to promise or engage in marriage, betroth: qui uxorem ducturus erat ab eo unde ducenda erat, stipulabatur eam in matrimonium ductam iri; [p. 1746] qui daturus erat itidem spondebat. Tum quae promissa erat sponsa appellabatur, qui spoponderat ducturum, sponsus, Sulp. Dot. ap. Gell. 4, 4, 2: Ly. Istac lege filiam tuam sponden' mihi uxorem dari? Ch. Spondeo. Ca. Et ego spondeo idem hoc, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 38 sq.; 2, 4, 172: Me. Etiam mihi despondes filiam? Eu. Illis legibus, Cum illā dote quam tibi dixi. Me. Sponden' ergo? Eu. Spondeo, id. Aul. 2, 2, 78: Ph. Spondesne, miles, mi hanc uxorem? Th. Spondeo. Ph. Et ego huic victum spondeo, id. Curc. 5, 2, 73 sq.: sponden tu ergo tuam gnatam uxorem mihi? Ch. Spondeo et mille auri Philippum dotis, id. Trin. 5, 2, 34.—Hence, of women, alicui sponsam esse, to be betrothed, engaged to a man:

    si volt Demipho Dare quantum ab hac accipio, quae sponsa est mihi,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 52:

    scis, sponsam mihi (esse)?

    id. Eun. 5, 9 (8), 6; Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 101 sq.; 2, 4, 172; 2, 4, 174; id. Poen. 5, 3, 43.—
    D.
    = sponsionem facere (v. sponsio, II.), to lay a judicial wager, to enter into an agreement to pay contingent on the truth or falsity of an assertion: si hoc ita est, qui spondet mille nummūm? P. Afric. ap. Gell. 6 (7), 11, 9.— So, absol.:

    cum illi jacenti latera tunderentur, ut aliquando spondere se diceret,

    should declare that he made the required wager, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142 (cf. sponsum, P. a. fin. infra); Dig. 11, 5, 3.—
    II.
    In gen., to promise sacredly, to warrant, vow (class.).
    1.
    With fut. inf.:

    promitto, recipio, spondeo, C. Caesarem talem semper fore civem, qualis hodie sit,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 18, 51:

    ut (eum) inimicissimum huic conjurationi futurum esse, promittam et spondeam,

    id. Mur. 41, 90:

    et ipse spondeo et omnes hoc tibi tui pro me recipient, te fructum esse capturum, etc.,

    id. Fam. 13, 50, 2:

    quis est qui spondeat eundum, si differtur bellum, animum postea fore,

    Liv. 5, 5, 9:

    quae si perpetua concordia sit, quis non spondere ausit, maximum hoc imperium brevi futurum esse?

    id. 5, 3, 10:

    spondebant animis id (bellum) P. Cornelium finiturum,

    with full conviction, id. 28, 38, 9; cf. id. 3, 59, 3:

    sponde affore reges,

    Val. Fl. 3, 504.—
    2.
    With inf. pres., to warrant, give assurance of an existing fact:

    spondebo enim tibi, vel potius spondeo in meque recipio, eos esse M'. Curii mores,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 17, 2.—
    3.
    With acc. of thing (and often dat. pers.):

    quibus cum consulem suum reliquissent, honores et praemia spopondistis,

    Cic. Phil. 5, 11, 28: mihi sex menses sati' sunt vitae, septimum Orco spondeo, Poët. ap. Cic. Fin. 2, 7, 22: ea spondent, confirmant, quae, quidem mihi exploratiora essent, si remansissem, Cic Att. 11, 6, 3:

    quod ego non modo de me tibi spondere possum, sed de te etiam mihi,

    id. Fam. 15, 21, 1:

    ac de infante (Tiberio) Scribonius mathematicus praeclara spopondit,

    Suet. Tib. 14:

    tantum sibi vel de viribus suis, vel de fortunā spondentes,

    Just. 3, 4, 1; Amm. 24, 1, 8:

    illius et dites monitis spondentibus Indi,

    Val. Fl. 6, 117:

    non si mihi Juppiter auctor Spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere caelo,

    Verg. A. 5, 18:

    spondere fidem,

    Ov. M. 10, 395:

    officium Amori,

    id. ib. 10, 418.—
    4.
    Transf., of inanim. or abstract subjects (mostly poet. and post-Aug.):

    nec quicquam placidum spondentia Martis Sidera presserunt,

    Ov. Ib. 217:

    quod prope diem futurum spondet et virtus et fortuna vestra,

    Liv. 7, 30, 8:

    eorum hominum erat, qui, quantum spes spopondisset, cuperent, ni, etc.,

    id. 45, 19, 7:

    magna de illo (Philippo) spes fuit propter ipsius ingenium, quod magnum spondebat virum,

    Just. 7, 6, 1.— Hence, sponsus, a, um, P. a., promised, engaged, betrothed, affianced; substt,
    A.
    sponsus, i, m., a betrothed man, a bridegroom: virgo Sponso superba, Titin. ap. Non. 305, 5:

    accede ad sponsum audacter,

    id. ib. 227, 15; Cic. Inv. 2, 26, 78:

    sponsus regius,

    Hor. C. 3, 2, 10.— Poet., of Penelope's suitors, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 28.—
    B.
    spon-sa, ae, f., a betrothed woman, a bride:

    scio equidem, sponsam tibi esse et filium ex sponsā tuā,

    Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 12; Ter. And. 2, 1, 24:

    flebilis sponsa,

    Hor. C. 4, 2, 21 et saep.—Prov.: suam cuique sponsam, mihi meam, i. e. every one to his taste, Atil. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3.—
    C.
    sponsum, i, n., a covenant, agreement, engagement: sponsum negare, to break or disown one's pledge, Hor. S. 1, 3, 95:

    sponsus contra sponsum rogatus,

    Varr. L. L. 7, § 107 Müll.—
    (β).
    Esp., a judicial wager (cf. sponsio, II.):

    ex sponso egit,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 32.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > spondeo

  • 19 Crompton, Samuel

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, England
    d. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the spinning mule.
    [br]
    Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.
    The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).
    Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.
    The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.
    C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Crompton, Samuel

  • 20 восстанавливать до первоначального вида

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > восстанавливать до первоначального вида

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